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SECURITIES AND FUTURES COMMISSION ORDINANCE

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SECURITIES AND FUTURES COMMISSION ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


SECURITIES AND FUTURES COMMISSION ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 24)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  II    SECURITIES AND FUTURES COMMISSION
  ecurities and Futures Commission
  unctions of Commission
  onstitution of Commission
  ommission may establish committees
  taff of Commission
  eneral powers of Commission
  elegation and sub-delegation of Commission's functions
  Advisory Committee
  Directions to Commission
  Annual report of Commission
  Commission to furnish information
  Financial year and estimates of income and expenditure
  Accounts
  Auditors and audit
  Investment of funds
  III   SECURITIES AND FUTURES APPEALS PANEL
  Constitution of Appeals Panel
  Appeals (registration, forfeiture and notices)
  Hearing of appeals by tribunal
  Procedure for appeals
  Case stated
  IV    ADDITIONAL REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS
  Applications under section 51 of Securities Ordinance or section
30 of
  odities Trading Ordinance; supplementary provisions
  Applicant under Securities Ordinance or Commodities Trading
Ordinance
  urnish information to Commission
  Certificates of registration to continue in force
  Section 23 (2) and (3) to apply to inquiries under section 56 of
  rities Ordinance or section 36 of Commodities Trading Ordinance
  Registered persons to notify Commission where records etc. kept
  Financial resources rules
  Modification of financial resources rules in particular cases
  
  V    REGULATION OF REGISTERED PERSONS' BUSINESS, ETC.
  Supervision
  Information relating to transactions
  Certification to High Court relating to non-compliance under
section
  r 31 33. Investigations
  Returns
  Production of computerized information
  Magistrate's warrant
  Destruction etc. of documents
  Powers of intervention
  Restriction of business
  Restriction on dealing with assets
  Maintenance of assets
  Provisions relating to notices under section 39, 40, 41 or 43
  Withdrawal, substitution or variation of notices under section
39, 40
  1 44. Appeals against notices under this Part
  Winding-up orders
  Receiving orders
  VI    SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO EXCHANGE COMPANIES AND
  RING HOUSES 47. Transfer and resumption of functions
  Information: Exchange Companies and clearing houses
  Notice of closure or re-opening
  Additional powers--restriction notices relating to Exchange
Companies
  clearing houses
  Additional powers--suspension orders relating to Exchange
Companies
  clearing houses
  VII   FUNDING
  Levies
  Appropriation
  Fees and other charges
  VIII MISCELLANEOUS
  Injunctions to restrain contraventions
  Waiver or modification of requirements
  Immunity, etc.
  Liability of directors, etc.
  Evidence
  Preservation of secrecy, etc.
  Service of notices
  Penalties for offences
  Prosecution of certain offences by Commission
  Dissolution of Provisional Securities and Futures Commission
Limited
  transfer of property
  Transitional
  DULE Functions of Commission to which section 9 does not apply
  establish the Securities and Futures Commission and to amend the 
law
  ting to dealing in securities and trading in futures contracts;
and to
  ide for connected or incidental matters.
  he Ordinance other than sections 27 (1) to (8), 30, 31, 32 and 
65 as
  with item 1 (b) of paragraph 4 of Schedule 2 insofar as they 
relate
  he repeal of sections 122 and 123 of the Securities Ordinance
  y 1989 L. N. 126 of 1989
  remaining provisions: 1 August 1989] L. N. 230 of 1989
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Securities and Futures 
Commission
  nance.
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires-
  aring house" means a clearing house within the meaning of section
2
  of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250) or a 
recognized
  ring house within the meaning of section 2 of the Securities
(Clearing
  es) Ordinance (Cap. 420); (Amended 66 of 1990 s. 2; 68 of 1992
s. 20)
  Commission" means the Securities and Futures Commission 
established
  ection 3; "Commodity Exchange" has the meaning assigned to 
it by
  ion 2 (1) of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  pany" means any company within the meaning of the Companies
Ordinance
  . 32) and includes an overseas company within the meaning of 
that
  nance or any other body corporate incorporated in Hong Kong 
having a
  e capital;
  a equipment" has the meaning assigned to it by section 27;
  a material" means any document or other material used in 
connection
  or produced by data equipment;
  ablishment day" means the day on which section 3 comes into
operation;
  hange Company" means-
  the Stock Exchange Company; or
  the Futures Exchange Company,
  "Exchange Companies" means both of those companies;
  cutive director" and "non-executive director" mean a director 
of the
  ission who is appointed under section 5 as an executive director
and a
  executive director thereof, respectively; "exempt dealer" 
has the
  ing assigned to it by section 2 (1) of the Securities Ordinance 
(Cap.
  ;
  ancial resources rules" means rules made under section 28; 
"financial
  " means the period specified in section 14 (1);
  m" has the meaning assigned to it by section 2 (1) of the 
Commodities
  ing Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  ction" includes power and duty;
  ures contract" has the meaning assigned to it by section 2 (1)
of the
  odities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  ures Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the 
meaning
  ection 2 (1) of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  up of companies" has the meaning assigned to it by section 2 (1) 
of
  Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  etary Authority" means the Monetary Authority appointed under 
section
  f the Exchange Fund Ordinance (Cap. 66); (Added 82 of 1992 s. 6)
  icer", in relation to a company, has the meaning assigned to 
it by
  ion 2 (1) of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  el" means the Securities and Futures Appeals Panel 
established by
  ion 18;  "property  investment  arrangements"  means 
investment
  ngements as defined in relation to property other than 
securities by
  ion 2 of the Protection of Investors Ordinance (Cap. 335);
  
  ord or other document" includes--
  a book, voucher, receipt or data material, or information 
which is
  rded in a non-legible form but is capable of being reproduced 
in a
  ble form; and (b) any document, disc, tape, sound track or 
other
  ce in which sounds or other data (not being visual 
images) are
  died so as to be capable (with or without the aid of other 
equipment)
  eing reproduced and any film (including a microfilm), tape or 
other
  ce in which visual images are embodied so as to be 
capable (as
  esaid) of being reproduced;
  istered person" means a person who is registered under the 
Securities
  nance (Cap. 333), the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 
250) (or
  those Ordinances) as a dealer, dealing partnership, 
dealer's
  esentative, investment adviser, commodity trading adviser, 
investment
  sers' partnership, investment representative or a commodity 
trading
  ser's representative;
  relevant Ordinances" means this Ordinance, Part II of the 
Companies
  nance (Cap. 32) (insofar as that Part relates, whether 
directly or
  rectly, to the performance of functions by the Commission in 
relation
  rospectuses and purchase by a company of its own shares) and Part 
XII
  hat Ordinance (insofar as that part relates, whether 
directly or
  rectly, to the performance of functions by the Commission in 
relation
  rospectuses), the Securities Ordinance (Cap. 333), the 
Commodity
  anges (Prohibition) Ordinance (Cap. 82), the Commodities 
Trading
  nance (Cap. 250), the Protection of Investors Ordinance (Cap. 
335),
  Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361), the Securities
  aring Houses) Ordinance (Cap. 420), the Securities 
(Disclosure of
  rests) Ordinance (Cap. 396) and the Securities (Insider 
Dealing)
  nance (Cap. 395); (Amended 62 of 1990 s. 41; 68 of 1992 s. 20; 
87 of
  s. 2) "securities" has the meaning assigned to it by section 2
(1) of
  Securities Ordinance (Cap. 333);
  ck Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the
meaning of
  ion 2 (1) of the Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361);
  ding in commodity futures contracts" has the meaning assigned to
it by
  ion 2 (1) of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  bunal" means a tribunal appointed under section 20;
  fied Exchange" has the meaning assigned to it by section 2 (1)
of the
  k Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
 PART II SECURITIES AND FUTURES COMMISSION
  
  ecurities and Futures Commission
  There is hereby established a body to be known as the Securities 
and
  res Commission.
  The Commission shall be a body corporate with power to sue 
and be
  . (3) The receipts of the Commission shall not be subject to
taxation
  r the Inland Revenue Ordinance (Cap. 112).
  (a) The Commission shall provide itself with a seal.
  The seal of the Commission shall be authenticated by the signature 
of
  chairman or deputy chairman of the Commission or, if both the
chairman
  deputy chairman of the Commission are absent from Hong Kong or 
unable
  ct, the signature of some other director of the Commission 
authorized
  t to act in that behalf.
  
  unctions of Commission
  The Commission shall have the following functions--
  to advise the Financial Secretary on all matters 
relating to
  rities, futures contracts and property investment arrangements;
  without prejudice to any duties imposed or powers conferred 
on any
  r person in regard to the enforcement of the law 
relating to
  rities, futures contracts and property investment arrangements,
to be
  onsible for ensuring that the provisions of the relevant 
Ordinances,
  the provisions of any other Ordinance so far as they 
relate to
  rities, futures contracts and property investment 
arrangements, are
  lied with;
  to report to the Financial Secretary the occurrence of any dealing 
in
  tion to securities which it reasonably believes or suspects to 
be an
  der dealing within the meaning of section 9 of the Securities
(Insider
  ing) Ordinance (Cap. 395); (Amended 62 of 1990 s. 42)
  to be responsible for supervising and monitoring the activities
of the
  ange Companies and clearing houses;
  to take all reasonable steps to safeguard the interests of 
persons
  ing in securities or trading in futures contracts or entering 
into
  erty investment arrangements;
  to promote and encourage proper conduct amongst members 
of the
  ange Companies and clearing houses, and other registered persons;
  to suppress illegal, dishonourable and improper practices in 
dealing
  ecurities, trading in futures contracts, entering into 
property
  stment arrangements, and the provision of investment advice or 
other
  ices relating to securities, futures contracts and property
investment
  ngements;
  to promote and maintain the integrity of registered 
persons and
  urage the promulgation by registered persons of balanced and 
informed
  ce to their clients and to the public generally;
  to consider and suggest reforms of the law relating to 
securities,
  res contracts and property investment arrangements;
  to encourage the development of securities and futures markets
in Hong
  and the increased use of such markets by investors in Hong Kong 
and
  where; (k) to promote and develop self-regulation by market
bodies in
  securities and futures industries;
  subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, to co-operate with 
and
  st authorities or regulatory organizations, in Hong Kong or
elsewhere,
  are concerned with securities and futures, or with banking,
insurance
  ther financial services or with the affairs of corporations;
(Added 67
  991 s. 2)
  to perform any other functions conferred by or under 
any other
  nance.
  As regards any function, the Commission may, for the 
guidance of
  stered persons and others, prepare and cause to be published in 
the
  tte guidelines indicating the manner in which, in the absence of 
any
  icular consideration or circumstance, it proposes to 
perform the
  tion.
  The Commission may from time to time engage such 
consultants or
  sers as it may consider necessary to assist the Commission 
in the
  ormance of its functions. (4) Nothing in subsection (1) (k)
shall be
  rded as limiting or otherwise affecting any other function 
of the
  ission.
  
  onstitution of Commission
  Subject to subsection (2), the Commission shall consist of a 
chairman
  inted by the Governor and such uneven number, not being less than 
7,
  ther directors so appointed as the Governor may determine; and 
when
  number of such other directors ceases to be an uneven 
number the
  rnor shall make such appointment or appointments as may be 
necessary
  omply with this subsection.
  Half of the directors of the Commission, including the chairman,
shall
  ppointed to be executive directors and the remainder 
shall be
  inted to be non-executive directors.
  The Governor may appoint an executive director to be deputy 
chairman
  he Commission.
  (a) If no appointment has been made under subsection (3) or if 
the
  ce of deputy chairman of the Commission is vacant, the 
Financial
  etary may designate an executive director to act as chairman of 
the
  ission during any period during which the chairman of the 
Commission
  nable to act as chairman due to illness or other incapacity 
or is
  nt from Hong Kong.
  A designation under this subsection shall cease when revoked 
by the
  ncial Secretary or an appointment is made under 
subsection (3),
  hever first occurs. (5) The terms and conditions of office 
of a
  ctor of the Commission shall be such as the Governor may
determine.
  A director of the Commission may at any time resign his 
office by
  er sent to the Governor.
  A director of the Commission shall be paid by the Commission 
such
  neration, allowances or expenses as the Governor may determine.
  The Governor may by notice in writing remove from office any 
director
  he Commission whose removal appears to him to be desirable 
for the
  ctive performance by the Commission of its functions.
  Meetings of the Commission shall be held as often as may be 
necessary
  the performance of its functions, and may be convened by the 
chairman
  he deputy chairman or any 2 other directors.
  If the office of chairman of the Commission is vacant or the
chairman
  he Commission is unable to act as chairman due to illness or 
other
  pacity or is absent from Hong Kong the deputy chairman or an
executive
  ctor designated under subsection (4) shall act as chairman 
in his
  e.
  At a meeting of the Commission--
  the chairman shall be chairman of the meeting; or
  if the chairman is not present, the deputy chairman shall be 
chairman
  he meeting; or
  if neither the chairman nor the deputy chairman is 
present, the
  ctors present shall choose one of their number to be chairman of 
the
  ing.
  The quorum for a meeting of the Commission shall be 4 directors 
of
  2 shall be executive directors and 2 shall be non-
executive
  ctors.
  Each director of the Commission present at a meeting thereof 
shall
  a vote. (14) (a) Every question for decision at a meeting of 
the
  ission shall be determined by a majority of votes of the 
directors
  ent and, in the event that voting is equally divided, 
subject to
  graph (b) the chairman of the meeting shall have a casting vote. 
(b)
  chairman of a meeting shall not exercise a casting vote until
after he
  consulted the Financial Secretary as regards that exercise.
  The Commission may act notwithstanding a vacancy among its
directors.
  The Commission shall organize and regulate its 
administration,
  edure and business.
  
  ommission may establish committees
  The Commission may establish standing or special committees 
and may
  r or assign to any such committee any matter for 
consideration,
  iry or management by the committee.
  The Commission may appoint any person to be a member of any 
committee
  blished under this section, whether that person is a director of 
the
  ission or not. (3) Any reference or assignment under 
subsection (1)
  every appointment under subsection (2) may be withdrawn or
revoked by
  Commission at any time, and no such reference or assignment 
shall
  ent the performance by the Commission of any of its functions.
  A committee established under this section may elect any 
of its
  ers to be chairman and may regulate its own procedure and 
business;
  in the exercise of its powers under this subsection such 
committee
  l be subject to and act in accordance with any direction given
to the
  ittee by the Commission for the purposes of this subsection.
  Meetings of a committee established under this section shall be 
held
  uch times and places as the chairman of that committee may,
subject to
  ection (4), determine.
  taff of Commission
  The Commission may from time to time employ persons who shall be 
paid
  remuneration and allowances and shall hold their employment on 
such
  r terms and conditions as the Commission shall determine.
  The Commission may make arrangements for or in respect 
of the
  ision and maintenance of such schemes (whether contributory or 
not)
  the payment to its employees and their dependants of such 

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美国证据开示制对我国庭前证据交换制度建立和完善的启示

马志星


论文提要:我国的民事诉讼法虽然强调了当事人举证责任,审判方式也从法官“超职权”纠问式变革为两造“对席辩论”、法官居中裁判的辩论式,这些无疑是革命性的变革。但是在此基础上却没有对当事人收集证据的方法手段上加以明确的规定,导致法庭常常因当事人的“证据突袭”而不得不多次开庭,致使诉讼延迟。在民事审判实践中,我国的部分地区仿照国外的证据开示制度试行了庭前交换证据制。最高人民法院出台的《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》正式地将证据交换作为民事审前程序的一项基本制度固定了下来。成绩不少,但仍然存在着不少的问题。故而本文尝试从历史、文化、实务的视角来分析美国证据开示制,论证美国证据开示制司法改革的本质,以此与中国的庭前证据交换制作比较,并为我国的庭前证据交换制度的完善提出了相关的建议,从而来充实民事诉讼对公民权利的救济。全文共6875字。
以下正文:

一、问题的提出
证据制度是诉讼法的核心。我国的民事诉讼法虽然在强调当事人举证责任的同时,设立了诉讼证据保全制及法院依职权收集诉讼证据制,但是在此基础上却没有在对当事人收集证据的方法手段上加以明确的规定;对于审判方式改革中起重要先导作用的“一步到庭”将审判方式从法官“超职权”纠问式变革为两造“对席辩论”、法官居中裁判的辩论式,无疑是个革命性的变革,但常常因当事人“证据突袭”而不得不多次开庭,致使诉讼延迟。参考和借鉴国外相关的民事证据制度,通过制度移植是经济、高效民事证据法的建构方法。在民事审判实践中,我国的部分地区仿照国外的证据开示制度试行了庭前交换证据制。在此基础上,2001年12月21日,最高人民法院出台的《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》(后简称《若干规定》)正式地将证据交换作为民事审前程序的一项基本制度固定了下来。成绩不少,但仍然存在着不少的问题。故而本文尝试从历史、文化、实务的视角来分析美国证据开示制,论证美国证据开示制司法改革的本质属于在特定的体制中适应时代和社会的需要所进行的技术性调整或发展,以此与中国的庭前证据交换制作比较,力图将此的变革放到中国整体的社会制度、法律体系和法学理论体系的变革中来考察,并为我国的庭前证据交换制度的完善提出了相关的建议,从而来充实民事诉讼对公民权利的救济。

二、美国证据开示制及其制度价值
(一)美国证据开示制及其特征
美国证据开示制是一种审判前的程序和机制,具体而言是指当事人有权在法庭外直接向对方当事人索取或提供与案件事实有关的信息和证据的一项程序制度。根据1993年修改的联邦民诉规则,双方当事人必须主动向对方当事人出示与请求有关的信息和证据。证据开示要求由当事人提出,不需要法院事先批准。证据开示过程总体上由律师发动,并通过要求与答复形式进行。笔录证言的进行要有法院书记员在场,但通常法官或其他司法官员并不出席。有关证据开示要求的正当性,通常通过协商达成解决。如果这一纠纷通过此种方式不能得以解决,可以请求法院作出裁决。证据开示程序纠纷可以由专门负责的法官或助理法官裁断,或由被指派审理该案的法官予以裁断。
  1、证据开示的范围。美国证据开示的范围很广。一方当事人利用开示制度可以要求对方当事人提出几乎一切方面的情报。对于证据开示要求,只有三种反对是有效的:其一,所寻求的材料与案件毫不相干;其二,证据开示要求过分加重负担,但只适用于举证责任过重或可以其他方式提供信息的情况;第三,证据开示要求搜寻属于保密特权范围的信息。由于对开示范围限制的相关解释是宽松的,实际上美国对开示范围几乎没作任何限制。
  2、证据开示的方式。进行证据开示的方式主要有:(1)笔录证言,即经宣誓后通过询问证人证言并逐字记录。这是最常用的开示方式。(2)质问书,即当事人可用书面形式质问对方当事人,对方当事人必须全面地做出书面答复并附以书面宣誓。(3)查验文件,即查验对方当事人或第三人所持有的文件或其他物证。(4)自认要求,即允许一方当事人向对方当事人提出草拟的事实声明,要求对方自认这一声明是真实的。(5)身体检查,即对身体状况有争议者进行生理或心理检查。除笔录证言外,质问书和查验文件也是常使用的方式。
3、违反证据开示的制裁措施。如当事人不遵守证据开示命令,法院可以作出如下制裁:
(1)、免除一方证明责任。与命令有关事实或其他指定事实,依获得命令的当事人所宣称的诉讼目的视为已经证明。
(2)、禁止提出证据。法院对不遵守命令的当事人,可禁止其对所指出的请求或抗辩进行证明,或者禁止其对所指出的请求或抗辩进行证明,或者禁止其对指定的事物作为证据提出。如禁止提出的证据是案件的主要事实,对诉讼有决定性影响,法院还可以驳回诉讼。
(3)、驳回诉讼或缺席判决。对不遵守命令的当事人,法院可宣布诉答文书全部或部分无效,或在其遵守命令之前中止诉讼程序,或撤销全部或部分诉讼程序,或对不遵守命令的人作出败诉的缺席判决。
(4)、判处藐视法庭罪。当笔录证言证人收到法院命令后拒绝宣誓或答复,或当事人不遵守证据开示命令,或当事人不遵守依据第26条第6款当事人会议的命令等情形时,法院可裁决其藐视法庭。当事人或诉讼外第三人触犯民事上藐视法庭罪,处以罚金或拘留。这是不遵守法院命令的最严重的制裁措施。
从以上可以看出,证据开示具有以下特征:
1、开示是美国民事诉讼程序中的一个独立的阶段和环节。美国民事诉讼程序从大的方面来看,是由三大阶段构成的,即诉答、审前和庭审。审理前程序主要包括四个方面:证据开示程序、召开审前会议、“ADR”和“庭审前的判决”。这四个方面的内容构成了审理前程序的统一体,不可分割。证据开示是审前程序的基石和实质。法院之所以有必要加强职权作用,对审前程序实行司法管理,目的主要是为了防止证据开示的滥用或陷入无序,从而扭曲证据开示的形象和机能。法院主持召开审前会议,也是为了巩固证据开示的成果,形成一个制约庭审程序进行的审前命令。正是经过卓有成效的证据开示,双方当事人对各自的案件情况有了更加知彼知己、更加切合实际、更加触及案件本质的新见解、新判断,以致判决的结果呼之欲出并趋于明朗化了,于是,双方当事人开始了他们的和解尝试,开始了其它的ADR程序。美国的ADR程序之所以如此健全和完善,并富有成效,在很大程度上是同调查取证程序分不开的。证据开示暴露了案件的事实问题和法律问题,以致开庭审理成为不必要,庭审前的判决制度得以发挥作用。所有这些,都证明证据开示是一个独立的诉讼阶段。
2开示是当事人收集证据和交换证据的程序。在对抗制民事诉讼程序中,当事人对于案件事实负有完全的证明责任,除极偶然的情形外,法院不依职权调查收集证据。这样一种诉讼格局使得立法者必须考虑制定一个独立的程序,赋予当事人收集证据的权利。
(二)美国证据开示制的意义及价值
美国证据开示制的魅力在于充分体现了英美诉讼的民主理念,即在诉讼中尽可能实现当事人双方攻击和防御的平等、诉讼武器的平等。证据开示制虽然庞大,而且似乎涉及各个方面的情况但是并非横行无阻,它只能在严密规定的范围内进行,而且当事人的隐私等权利都得到了充分的保护,反映了当事人主义诉讼制度基础上的诉讼攻击和防御手段的完备。
美国证据开示制在诉讼民主方面的魅力还体现在当事人的主体性和其公开性上。主体性反映了作为人在民事诉讼中的一种人格尊严的存在。英美民事诉讼的对抗性是这种价值要求的体现。从美国民诉法的发展历史上看,法官的作用有不断增强的趋势。这一点,在证据开示中尤其显然。但是,这样一个事实并不改变美国民事诉讼程序对抗制的本质,证据开示的主体依然是当事人及其代理律师。如果我们将对抗制看作是美国民事诉讼程序之“树干”,法官的职权管理可以看作是“树枝”。树枝无论如何茂森,都不会改变树干的伸长方向。
民主的内含要求是公开性,作为司法权行使的主要过程和反映人们生活重要片断的诉讼过程,人们期望这一过程的公开化。
通过以上的分析,我们可以得出,对抗制是英美民事诉讼制度的本质特征。这个特征根植于英美法系的法律文化及其它复杂的因素之中,证据开示作为一个后起之秀,是对抗制在一定历史阶段自身完善的一个表现。
三 证据开示制在我国雏形
——民事审判方式改革中的证据交换
我国民事诉讼法明确地规定了开庭审理的正式程序以及有关开庭审理前准备的程序,但是,在审判实践中,“开庭审理和开庭前的准备”这一概念上和阶段性的区分却很不明显。由于开庭审理并没有真正得到重视,法官办案的主要精力放到了法庭之外询问当事人、调查取证以及背对背或面对面的反复调解等活动上,一般情况下大部分案件的处理都结束在这一阶段。开庭审理往往只是在调解无效,需要下判决时,在通过请示领导等方式得到了最终结论的前提下才予以举行,结果是导致了“先定后审”等庭审形式化或走过场的现象。 有学者认为应该把准备程序的不存在理解为这种审判方式内在逻辑的表现之一,是其审理结构的特色之所在。
我国民事审判方式改革以“一步到庭”(又称“直接开庭”)为先导。“一步到庭”的做法就是,在受理起诉后至开庭审理这一段时间,法官不接触当事人,不接触证据,让当事人当庭举证、当庭质证。“一步到庭”最大贡献是改变了旧的“自查、自诉、自审”的包青天式审判方式,将审判方式从法官“超职权”纠问式变革为两造“对席辩论”、法官居中裁判的辩论式,从制度上保障法官与当事人在法庭上的公开接触,保持司法公正。 “一步到庭”已成为目前我国法官的主要审理模式,其在以简易案件为主的基层法院具有适用上的合理性。“一步到庭”省略了开庭前的必要准备工作,法官在对案情一无所知的情况下开庭,盲目性大。而且,“一步到庭”常常因当事人“证据突袭”而不得不多次开庭,致使诉讼延迟。
为了改变这种状况,我国部分地区试行了庭前证据交换,将“一步到庭”改造为“准备庭+主要庭审”结构,准备庭以整理争点、证据和促进和解为目的,主要庭审则在准备庭的基础上进行综合性的集中审理。广东省高院在全国率先制订《广东省法院民事、经济纠纷案件庭前交换证据暂行规则》,并于1999年9月1日起实施。在各地实践基础上,2001年12月21日,最高人民法院出台的《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》正式地将证据交换作为民事审前程序的一项基本制度固定了下来。与广东省为代表的各地人民法院自行制定的庭前交换证据规则相比,《若干规定》中确定的证据交换制具有如下特点:
1、定了举证时限的法律后果,并将其纳入民事诉讼法中。《若干规定》以民事诉讼法第75条和《最高人民法院关于适用若干问题的意见》(后简称《意见》)第76条的规定为基础,对人民法院指定期间作了进一步的解释,同时通过对民事诉讼法第125 条第1款和第179条第1款第1项中“新的证据”的解释,从技术上使举证时限的法律后果纳入了现行的民事诉讼规范中,具有程序上的法律约束力。
2、强化当事人举证责任的同时,《若干规定》进一步弱化和规范了人民法院调查收集证据的职能。
3、新解释了民事诉讼法中规定的“以事实为依据”的原则。《若干规定》在其第63条进一步明确:人民法院应当以证据能够证明的案件事实为依据依法做出裁判。最高人民法院副院长曹建明在公布该司法解释的新闻发布会上解释到:作为民事诉讼的证明要求,应当努力最求“法律真实”和“客观真实”的相一致,但民事诉讼的特点决定了,在程序公开、公正的条件下,人民法院只能通过依法审核认定的证据所确定的案件事实作为裁判的依据。
四 我国的证据交换与美国证据开示制的重大差异
——没有规定以当事人为主体的证据调查程序
十余年的审判方式的改革取得了世人注目的成效,主要标志是以当事人主义为主、职权主义为辅的审判模式取代了超职权主义的审判模式,法院裁判的中立性和公正性得到了史无前例的重视和实践,当事人的举证责任也达到了空前的强度。然而,由于我国现有的取证体制和当事人的证据理念没有发生根本性的变化,一味强调当事人的举证责任,而没有为当事人获取证据提供制度和程序上的保障。 从当前的司法实践的调查来看,当事人收集证据面临的主要困难有以下三个方面:一是能够充分证明当事人主张的的证据在对方当事人的控制下,要求对方出示,对方拒不提供;二是相关证人不愿意出庭作证或规避作证;三是在向有关行政机关或第三人取证时,招到拒绝,法院依法查证也招拒绝。在目前的证据制度下,上述情况的直接后果是负有举证责任的当事人承担败诉结果,合法权益得不到依法保护。《若干规定》虽然在其第16条规定了人民法院调查收集证据以当事人申请为原则,但不能从根本上解决这个问题。主要有两个方面的原因:一是民诉法及其司法解释包括《若干规定》都没有对法院依职权查证的程序做出规定,比如对当事人申请法院调查收集证据的复议机关、对人民法院依职权或依当事人的申请调查收集证据的机关和人员都并没有明确规定,因而不能得到很好的实施;二是民事诉讼法仅规定了法院有依职权查证的义务,但没有对法院违反此规定的程序后果做出规定。基于此,法院要不要依职权查证,查不到证据的法律后果都没有强制性的规定,而诉讼风险后果最终都由当事人承担,法院不负任何法律责任。这一切只能有一个后果——审判方式改革在赢得程序公正的同时必将失落实体公正,即合法权益招到不法侵害、急需社会力量救济的当事人,会因为取证困难而失去法律的保护。
从以上可以看出,我国民事诉讼中的审理前的准备程序中并没有规定具体的调查取证程序。所以,当事人的调查取证权实际上还是一种游离于诉讼程序之外的抽象性权利。这种权利是缺乏程序保障的,而缺乏程序保障的权利实际上已经异化为权利的反面,即非权利了。 这是问题的一方面。问题的另一方面是,在当事人的取证权缺乏程序保障的状况依然故我、毫无改变的情况下,司法实践中又出现了对当事人交换证据的义务规范。很难想象我国庭前证据交换制能够提高司法诉讼效率和降低诉讼成本。
取证权利是根本,证据交换是在取证权利得到保障的前提下提出来的技术性问题。从这个意义上来说,我们主要要向美国学习发现证据、调查证据的程序,然后再研究它的证据交换制度,从而汲取其有益的营养,形成一个证据调查、证据交换的有机程序体系。 这样的证据动态机制,构成了审理前程序的实质性组成部分。证据调查使得证据在外延和范围上达到最大化,从而可以确保案件在真实的基础上得到解决;证据交换可以使证据被双方当事人公平享有,平等利用,从而减少诉讼中技巧性因素、偶然性因素、任意性因素的作用,并加快诉讼的进程,使诉讼在公开、公平、公正的原则和氛围下进行。如果要用诉讼价值来衡量,前者体现的可以说是真实的价值,后者体现的可以说是效益或效率的价值。
五 立法建议
诉讼模式由法院的职权化到当事人化的转变,其最终的标志不在当事人诉讼责任的强化和法院负担的减少之上,而在当事人诉讼权利的增强和法院职权的弱化和转向之上。我们改革所追求的价值是通过最为经济、最为公正的程序实现保护当事人合法权益的目的,而现在将原本法院利用公权力都难以实现的取证任务交由当事人来完成,且没有其他机制保障,这无疑是强人所难和转嫁风险。所以笔者认为上述问题解决的关键是创设便于当事人取证的机制和保证证据规范落到实处的运作保障机制,将抽象的当事人的取证权利具体化、程序化、制度化、实效化。
1、建立当事人、代理律师调查取证申请制度。 当事人、代理律师在调查取证时,可以向法院申请调查令。提出申请时,应当明确被调查的单位及个人、收集调查证据与本案的关系及证明的事项,证据与待证事项的关系等。经法院审查,认为确有必要,即可发出调查令。调查令应分别送达申请人及被调查人。为确保调查取证权的实现,调查令中应当明确载明调查事项及范围、调查人及被调查人相应的权利及义务,违反调查义务的法律后果等。从某种意义上讲,既然以法院的权力保障当事人、代理律师调查取证权的实现,就应当对违反调查义务的单位及个人适用对妨害民事诉讼行为的强制措施。在当事人、律师调查困难或某些特殊情况下,可申请法院依照职权进行调查。
2、建立强制证人出庭作证机制。 我国民事诉讼法仅规定证人应当出庭作证,并无强有力的措施加以保证,并且存在证人不出庭的例外。存在以下弊端:首先,由于民事诉讼法规定的证人在特殊情况下可以不出庭,而何种情况为特殊,尚不明确。那么当事人、律师在庭外所取得的证人证言的真实性便无法认定,特别是当事人、律师在取证时,往往是不全面的,对自己有利的证言才加以提取,不利的就不提取。如果证人不出庭,对方当事人及其代理律师也就无从对该“证言”加以质证。增加了诉讼中的不确定因素。其次,由于律师无法保障证人的相关权益,证人也常常不予配合,难以实现当事人的权利。因此,很有必要建立强制证人出庭作证机制,从而来保障司法的权威性和司法行为的有效性。
3、设立民事伪证罪,建立对妨害民事诉讼强制措施的刑法保护。 长期以来,我国的民事立法和司法对伪证行为惩治一直未有足够的重视,偏重批评教育,致使伪证现象层出不穷。我国民事诉讼法相关规定不足以对伪证形成足够的威慑,主要表现在:首先,现行的法律只是对有限的作伪证假证的表现形式作了简单的列举,并未针对伪证假证的具体情形作出相关规定,致使很多伪证行为排除在追究责任之外,如对当事人故意作虚假陈述、证人故意作伪证、诉讼外证据持有人故意不提供证据、中介机构及其人员等故意出具虚假证明问题没有涉及。其次,现行的法律中没有对伪证行为进行分类或按程度划分等级,使行为人缺少比较和衡量的标准,法官也可因自己的好恶自由决定处罚的种类和处罚的轻重,导致同一违法行为因办案法官不同而处罚上大相径庭。第三,违法成本远远低于守法成本,是伪证假证行为屡禁不止、屡打不绝的主要原因。在司法实践中,对伪证行为适用处罚最多的是罚款,但罚款数额相对于行为人因伪证所谋取的不法利益来说,真是“相形见绌”。司法过程中,不少法官对伪证行为追究不力,往往以教育、口头批评或训诫的方式代替其应受到的罚款拘留。第四,现行刑法对于伪证罪的规定不及于民事诉讼,更不及于主要主体即当事人,使民事伪证的危害性在法律认定上束手无策,难以预防惩治,导致民事伪证行为猖獗以至肆无忌惮。

作者单位:北京市崇文区人民法院 100075
联系方式:mzxmail@sohu.com

深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《深圳经济特区实施〈中华人民共和国教师法〉若干规定》的决定

广东省深圳市人大常委会


深圳市第五届人民代表大会常务委员会公告(第九十号)深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《深圳经济特区实施〈中华人民共和国教师法〉若干规定》的决定



  《深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改〈深圳经济特区实施〈中华人民共和国教师法〉若干规定〉等9项法规的决定》经深圳市第五届人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议于2012年6月28日通过,现予公布,自公布之日起施行。



深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会

二○一二年七月十三日



深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《深圳经济特区实施〈中华人民共和国教师法〉若干规定》的决定

(2012年6月28日深圳市第五届人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议通过)

  深圳市第五届人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议审议了深圳市人民政府关于提请审议《深圳市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改〈深圳经济特区实施〈中华人民共和国教师法〉若干规定〉等11项法规的决定(草案)》的议案,决定对《深圳经济特区实施〈中华人民共和国教师法〉若干规定》作如下修改:

  删除第二十条第二款、第三款。

  《深圳经济特区实施〈中华人民共和国教师法〉若干规定》根据本决定进行修正,重新公布。

  本决定自公布之日起施行。